Notes/UNB/Year 5/Semester 1/HIST1451/In class notes.md

# Systems
## Ideology
- In the mid 20th century, it was thought ideology was a circle
- This idea has been challenged and is no longer the consensus
## Culture
- A set of principles, ideas, attitudes, or values that are commonly held but not integrated into a formal system of thought
## Differences between ideology and cultural
**Ideological**: Che Guevara t-shirt with Obama poster styling
**Cultural**: Che Guevara red t-shirt
# Political Culture
| Conservatives | Liberals |
| ---- | ---- |
| Hyper individualism | Communtarian |
| Materialsm | Motivated by factors other than economics |
| Compettion | Group motivated |
| Suspicion of others | Belief in progress - moving forward |
| Live for the moment or highlight the past | Egalitarian |
| Hierarchy |  |
# Ideologies
## Communism (Left)
- Classless, stateless, money-less communal living
- Common ownership of the means of production
## Socialism
- Economic system where the means of production, capital, and agriculture are owned by the State
- Strict limits of private enterprises, limited accumulation of wealth, work together to provide a high degree of income equality
## Social Democrat (Big in United States)
- Highlights the importance of the democracy in moving forward a socialist state
- Believes in a highly regulated and heavily taxed private enterprise but they do not want the sate to own banks or make cars
- Wealthy should pay more taxes
- Free college education
- Medicate for all
## Liberalism
- 19th Century Liberalism
	- The first term to appear in west European politics in the 19th century
	- Used to describe a representative government with a free market
	- John Locke: The three principles
		- Individualism
		- Equality
		- Property
	- Became a part of american liberalism philosophy
	- Governments exist not because of divine intervention but rather to protect the rights of individuals
	- Americans did not refer to themselves this way, but was later applied in the 20th century to describe early american ideology
- Laissez Faire Liberalism
	- Turn of the 1890s century til mid 1930s
	- Social Darwinism
	- Government should not interfere in the lives of the people or in industry
	- No social nets
	- If misfortune found you it was probably your fault
	- If you were a captain of industry you were doing something right and should be rewarded
	- Turn of the Century
		- Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration
		- Rise of progressives, with the notion of order, control and progress
- 20th Century Liberalism
	- New Deal liberalism
	- State over the individual
	- Equality
	- Focus on progress. Making ourselves and society better. We can get better
	- The government has an important role to play in improving society
	- Values diversity
## Progressive-ism
- 20th Century Progressivism
	- 1900-1920
	- Progressive era
	- Social reform movement
	- Both Democrats and Republican. Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson
	- COP = Control, Order, Progress
	- Child Labor Laws, Food safety
- 21st Century Progressivism
	- 2000s
	- Leftist Democrats
	- Congressional Progressive caucus founded 1991
	- "Medicare for all"
	- Dead with economic hardships "living wage"
	- Civil service reform, food safety, rights for women and US workers, climate change, Humane immigration policies
## Conservatism
- The word (and human kind) is flawed. It will always be so
- Society should be governed by natural laws and ones conscience
- Tradition and hierarchy are important
- Government exist to protect individual freedoms
- Economic freedom is an extension of individual freedom
- Taking the constitution literally, at face value
## Libertarian-ism
- Similar to conservatism (fiscal conservatism)
- But socially liberal
- Liberty is the core principle
- Maximize political freedom
- Skeptical of the authority of state power
## Capitalism
- Economic Indivudialism
- Private ownership of the means of production (business) and capital (banks, land, property)
- Low levels of taxation and regulation
- Unfettered competition. No subsidies, ballots or protectionism
- Free flow of goods, services and capital both domestically and internationally
- GNP - Gross national product, includes GDP
## Fascism (Right)
- Authoritarianism that relies on dictatorial power
- One party dictatorship
- It holds that opposition should be forcibly suppressed
- The strong regimentation of the economy
- The government controls all aspects of behavior. Social regimentation
## Trump-ism: The philosophy espoused by Donald Trump
- Authoritarian
- National: America first (make america great again)
- Traditional: Reliance on old industries - coal, steel, farming
- Hierarchical (race and gender)
- Populist (anti-elitist, sort of)
- Anti-immigrant
- Cuts taxes, opposes free trade
- Opposes government regulation
- Anti-abortion (sort of)
# American Government
## Constitutional Convention (1787)
- Tasked with designing a new government and writing a new constitution
- *More points in slides*
### Article II The President
- The executive power shall be vested in a president of the united states of america
- Executive power refers to the power to execute the law passed by congress
- **The Presidency**
	- Commander and chief of the military branches
	- Supervision of government functions
	- Pardon criminals
	- Make treaties
	- Appoint ambassadors, other members of the executive branch and supreme court justices
	-  *More points in slides*

| 19th Century                                           | 20th Century                                                                         |
| ------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| More prestige than power                               | Nationalization of politics                                                          |
| President was a secondary figure                       | Weakening of political parties                                                       |
| Most presidents were politically weak                  | Presonalization of the presidency (Focus on Candidate rather than party)             |
| Military figures                                       | Top five presidents from the 20th century:                                           |
| 2 strongest presidents: Andrew Jackson and Abe Lincoln | Franklin Roosevelt, Teddy Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, Harry Truman, Lyndon Johnson |

### The Vice President
- If there was no consensus, at first, on what exactly the power of the president should be there was even less consensus on what the powers of the vice president should be and yet even less consensus on who the vice president should be
- Until 1801, the vice president was the person who second finished in the presidential election (A tie in 1800 meant that this system clearly had to be changed)
- Now the candidate for president selects their running mate
- Together they constitute a ticket (the Republican Ticket and the Democratic Ticket)
### Duties of the Vice President
- There are formal duties
- The vice president is the presiding office of the Senate, but only votes to break a tie
- The vice president presides over impeachment hearings, but not over the impeachment of the president
- Most importantly the vice president takes over the office of the president in any event of the presidents removal
### The Vice-Presidency
- In addition to formal duties, the vice president has both informal and symbolic responsibilities
- Informal: Advise the president
- Symbolic: Balance the ticket (Joe Biden was and old and white man, but Kamala was a black woman, 22 years younger. Donald Trump has led a controversial life but Mike Pence is an evangelical Christian who appeals to an important Republican consistency)
- Tim Waltz is an older white man who was former teacher and high school coach. JD Vance is a Harvard education ... *more on point in slide*