2024-09-11 14:18:28
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.obsidian/workspace.json
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10
.obsidian/workspace.json
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
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"state": {
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"type": "markdown",
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"state": {
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"file": "UNB/Year 5/Semester 1/HIST1451/Race predictions group project.md",
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"file": "UNB/Year 5/Semester 1/HIST1001/In class notes.md",
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"mode": "source",
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@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
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"state": {
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"type": "backlink",
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"state": {
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"file": "UNB/Year 5/Semester 1/HIST1451/Race predictions group project.md",
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"file": "UNB/Year 5/Semester 1/HIST1001/In class notes.md",
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@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
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"state": {
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"type": "outgoing-link",
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"state": {
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"file": "UNB/Year 5/Semester 1/HIST1451/Race predictions group project.md",
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"file": "UNB/Year 5/Semester 1/HIST1001/In class notes.md",
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@ -125,7 +125,7 @@
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"state": {
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"type": "outline",
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"state": {
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"file": "UNB/Year 5/Semester 1/HIST1451/Race predictions group project.md"
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"file": "UNB/Year 5/Semester 1/HIST1001/In class notes.md"
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@ -149,8 +149,8 @@
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"UNB/Year 5/Semester 1/HIST1451/In class notes.md",
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"UNB/Year 5/Semester 1/HIST1451/In class notes.md",
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"UNB/Year 5/Semester 1/MAAC3113",
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@ -68,3 +68,64 @@ Their goals:
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- Soviet foreign policy - revolutionary impulse is significant
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- But there is a powerful pragmatic streak - willing to cut deals, shift sides
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- Stalin wants to expand revolution - but also to regain territory, influence of USSR
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## Overview
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- Soviet Union: Moves from cooperating with Nazi Germany to allying with british empire, USA
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- Initial desire to continue cooperating in postwar years soon runs into problems
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- By 1947th alliance has broken down, Cold War has begun - why? Was the breakdown inevitable?
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## Shifting Soviet Policy
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### The Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939-41)
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- Two states agree not to fight, and to partition territory
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- Promotes hostility towards Soviet Union, communist parties in the western democracies
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- Britain, France go to war with Nazi Germany in 1939. France is defeated in 1940, but the British empire hangs on
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- June 1941: Hitler decides to invade USSR; British indicate their willingness to support the soviets
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### Turning Points (1941)
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- Operation Barbarossa and Japans attack on Pearl Harbor
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- The "Big Three" (Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill) meet in Tehran, 1943
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### Formation of the Grand Alliance
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- USA enters the war after Pearl Harbor (1941)
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- Americans, British, Soviets become allies
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- Soviets eventually halt German led invasions, push back, occupying most of Europe
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- *More points in slides*
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### The Soviet Perspective
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- Devastated by war: Estimated 25 million dead
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- Plays key role in defeat of Nazi Germany; Receives Lend-Lease Aid
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- Soviets occupy territory in Eastern Europe, including Poland, Germany - Stalin wants a "sphere of influence"
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- Willing to make some concessions - Stalin dissolves Comintern in 1943 - but insists on security and influence
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### The Western Perspective
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- The United States - dominant power with the largest economy, and had recently developed the atom bomb (1945)
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- Franklin Roosevelt - wanted United Nations, open international order, and willing to work with the Soviets
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- Replaced by Harry Truman in 1945 - Grows more concerned about Soviets and the spread of Communism
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- British Empire - greatly weakened by the war, and wants to rebuild. The attitude was ambiguous towards the USSR
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### Early Tensions
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- Regular meetings of "Big Three" (1943-45)
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- Cooperation continues - USSR joins war against Japan
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- But problems began to emerge:
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1. Future of Poland - uneasy agreement to move territory, form of coalition government
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2. Future of Germany - divided into zones of occupation, what long term policy to pursue
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3. Concerns about soviet espionage, and the potential spread of Communism
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### Germany Divided
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- Poland gains territory
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- Four occupation zones
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- Germans expelled from ...
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### Rising Tensions (1946-47)
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- Sources of Tensions
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- Soviet actives in eastern Europe cause concern
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- Soviet troops are slow to withdraw from Iran
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- Stalin puts pressure on Turkey for access, bases
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- Greek civil war, Communist vs Anti-Communists; fears of Soviet intervention
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- European economies are struggling; American officials feat communism will gain further support
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- Shifting Policies
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- March 1947 - US president Harry Truman promises aid to Greece, Turkey - but framed in broad terms (The Truman Doctrine)
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- June 1947 - The US secretary of state George Marshall proposes massive aid package to support European reconstruction (The Marshall Plan)
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- Western and Eastern European states are invited t participate, asked to develop coordinated plan; Britain and France are keen.
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- The Soviet Response - How to interpret?
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- Wilfred Loth - Soviet are suspicious of the Marshall Plan, quickly reject it, veto East European involvement
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- Geoffrey Roberts - Soviet Response was initially more ambiguous, several reasons for rejection; East European role was complex, not just an issues of "veto"
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- Soviets go on to mobilize criticism of Marshall Plan, create "Cominform" and tighten grip of Eastern Europe
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## Key Points
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- Stalin's foreign policy - complex, driven by desire for security but also to enhance Soviet influence.
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- Willing to work with wartime allances but within limits - by 1947 those limits are breached. Historians debate if he was actually truthful about this willingness
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- Role of shifting perceptions (in USSR and USA)
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- Significance of ideology in shaping perceptions
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- Significance of advisors, role of other states
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