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creates new thread in first world war +## Intervention in the Russian civil war +- France, UK, Canada, USA, Japan send troops +- To protect interest, support whites +## Soviet union in the 1920s +- Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) established in 1922 +- Included much of the former Russian empire, but now a federation of republics +- Western power remain suspicious, but do not see USSR as imminent thread +- Comintern remains active, but USSR focus on rebuilding after wartime devastation +## Leadership change from Lenin to Stalin +- Lenin dies in 1924, Josef Stalin emerges as winner of prolonged power by 1928 +- Promotes Socialism in one Country +- Imperial Russia - suffered defeats because it was "backward" - Soviet Union must modernize "or the capitalists will crush us" +## Stalin's Transformation of the USSR +- Rapid industrial growth through state directed "Five Year Plans" - achieves results but harsh conditions for workers +- Collectivization of agriculture - to support industrialization, transform society - associated with massive repression, famine +- Purges - intensive suspicion of conspiracy with foreign power leads to mass arrests, executions in 1930s +## Stalin's foreign policy in the 1930s +- Comintern continues to operate +- Stalin's policies are pragmatic, shift over time +- Hitler takes power in Germany, 1933 - a serious potential thread +- Soviet Union calls for "collective security" with Western powers, promotes "Popular Front" policy to oppose fascism +## On the eve of war +- 1939 - Second World War looks increasingly likely - Hitler making demands on Poland +- Stalin - Covets Polish territory, seeks to expand influence, and wants to buy time +- Negotiations with Britain and France fail; instead USSR signs agreement with Nazi Germany - two countries will not go to war, both to expand influence in Eastern Europe +## Key points +- Soviet foreign policy - revolutionary impulse is significant +- But there is a powerful pragmatic streak - willing to cut deals, shift sides +- Stalin wants to expand revolution - but also to regain territory, influence of USSR \ No newline at end of file