2024-09-18 14:20:03
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.obsidian/workspace.json
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@ -172,3 +172,46 @@ Their goals:
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- Leadership changes from Stalin to Khrushchev: Change possible with USSR, but continuities are strong
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- Cold War confrontation: Intelligence and military powers crucial, but competition for influence also involves "soft power"
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- Foreign policy and domestic politics are linked: Khrushchev weakened, removed from office 1964
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## Overview
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- Leadership change from Khrushchev to Brezhnev
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- Soviet Cold War policy increasingly complex, expanding military, active in seeking influence, tensions with china
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- 2 more points in slides
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## Leonid Brezhnev
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- Became dominant soviet leader after Khrushchev is removed in 1964, remains in office until death in 1982
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- Very much a product of the soviet system, hopes to sustain it, despite growing challenges
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- Foreign policy goals: retain Soviet Bloc, avoid Nuclear war, compete with USA and PRC for influence
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## Challenges for the Soviet Bloc
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- Previous Uprising (East Germany 1953, Hungary Revolution of 1956) were violently suppressed
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- Czechoslovakia 1968 - New leader, Alexander Dubcek, seeks to enact reforms while remaining in the Warsaw Pact: Socialism with a human face
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- Brezhnev and colleagues grow concerned about implications - send in military forces, August 1968
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- "The Brezhnev Doctrine" asserts right to intervention
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## Soviet System under Brezhnev
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- Initially, economy grows, helped by Oil exports
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- But economic growth stalls mid 1970s-80s
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- Brezhnev spends heavily on military, strains economy
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- Growing sense of disillusionment, Brezhnev declines
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## Soviet Union and the Vietnam War
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- The conflict between Communist North Vietnam, authoritarian republic of Vietnam (South)
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- US intervention in Vietnam intensifies in 1960s
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- Mao Zedong's regime supports North Vietnam but soviets steadily increase aid to compete
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- North Vietnam wins (1975) but USSR had spent billions
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## Relations with Mao's China
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- Rivalry for revolutionary leadership increasingly bitter
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- 4 more points in the notes
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## The rise and fall of Detente
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- US, USSR both want to reduce threat of nuclear war
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- Detente involves US, Soviet, German and European leaders
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- SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
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- SALT I signed, placing restrictions on nuclear arms
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- Paralleled by political development in German states and Europe; talks begin for a SALT 2 treaty
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## Limitations of Detente
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- Soviet Union remains engaged in competition, support for international revolution - supplies arms to Arab states in conflict with Israel, supports African revolutionaries
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- US Carter administration still negotiates but criticizes Soviet record on human rights, continues relations with PRC
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- December 1979: Soviet Union invades Afghanistan to maintain pro-Communist regime
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- Nuclear arms negotiations stall, detente at an end
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## Key points
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- Brezhnev - peruses contradictory policies
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- Wants to avoid nuclear war, willing to negotiate with USA
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- but also wants to ensure Soviet power is respected, continues to seek leadership in international affairs compared to PRC
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- Detente with USA fails, Americans improve relations with China
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- Desire to preserve influence leads to invasion of Afghanistan
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