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- Plants. minerals, etc
Reflection
- Pre-modern social hierarchies appear unjust in light of modern ideas about the equality of all people
- How can we explain the contradiction between our discourse on equality on the empirical reality of profound inequalities in our own society
- How can we explain the contradiction between our discourse on equality on the empirical reality of profound inequalities in our own society
## Renaissance
- An Era (approx 1350-1550)
- Began in Italy, spread to rest of Europe
- Re-birth: knowledge from the classical world (ancient Greece and Rome)
- Recovery: Growth and creation following a period of crisis and decline
- Changes in education, art, culture, architecture, political philosophy, etc
## Historiography
- The History of historical writing
- The study of historical methods and scholarship
- Traces secondary sources in conversation and in debate
- Asks: how was history written? Who wrote it? How and why historians produced their scholarship
## Humanism
- The ideology of the Renaissance
- Study of classical texts, and ideas from ancient Greece and Rome, history, moral philosophy, rhetoric, poetry, arts etc
- Education, public good, civic life
- Rise of universities in Europe (approx 20 in 1300, 50-70 by 1500)
- Rise of vernacular literacy
- Petrarch (1304-1374)