2024-11-04 14:11:40

UNB/Year 5/Semester 1/HIST1001/In class notes.md

@@ -537,3 +537,69 @@ So what can we do
 	- Iron Age
 - BP (before present)
 - Others?
+## Lecture 2 (Didnt get title)
+- Prehistory
+	- a
+- Archaeology
+	- Study of past humans through the remains of their activities
+	- What can we recreate / know / can't know from archaeology
+- Evolution of modern humans
+	- Homo habilis 2.8 mya used stone tools
+	- Homo erectus 1.5 mya used fire and complex tools and left africa
+	- 100-50 kya homo sapiens migrated out of Africa, replaced previous hominids, and developed "behavioral modernity"
+- Eras
+	- Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) - 3.3 mya - 12 kya
+		- Lower (3.3 mya - 300 kya)
+		- Middle  (300 - 50 kya)
+		- Upper (50-12 kya)
+	- What makes these distinction salient
+		- Lower: simple stone tools (pick best stone)
+		- Middle: prepaired stone tools, art, burial pracitices
+		- Upper: flint tools, complex tools (hook, lamps), cave art, figural art
+	- But these are gradual changes, and always under revision
+	- Cultures are named after type sites: eg. Oldowan tools from Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania
+- Three Age System
+	- Stone Age - 3.3mya - 2000bce
+	- Bronze Age 3300bce - 1200 bce
+	- Iron Age 1200 - ?
+- Neolithic
+	- Pre pottery  Neolithic (10 000 - 6500 bce)
+	- Pottery Neolithic (7000 - 4500 bce)
+	- Begins with transition to agriculture and ends with metalworking
+	- Younger Dryas event (global climate change) impacted hunter gatherer societies and increased food stress
+	- Divisions within are marked by new tools, new use of animals, plants, and architecture
+- Agricultural Revolution
+	- Domestication of plants (flora) and animals (fauna) - 10 000 bce
+	- Repeated harvesting of wild varieties slowly fed to beneficial traits being selected, creating out modern domestic species
+	- Goats were probably the first animals domesticated
+	- Didn't necessarily lead to healthier or better outcomes
+- Beginning of Urbanism
+	- Early Cities
+		- Cataholouk
+		- Jericho
+	- Populations began to settle down and use the surpleuses created by effcient agricultural production to densify and specialize their populations
+	- Complex architecture, public communal space
+	- Case Study - Gobekli Tepe
+		- Very early settlement (11500 - 10 000 BP)
+		- Large stone circular rooms and decorated pillar
+		- Evidence of food preparation (grain and animals bones, non-domesticated)
+		- Abandoned around when agriculture was invented
+	- Case Study - Ayn Ghazal
+		- Pre pottery Neolithic settlement outside of modern day Amman Jordan
+		- Discovered when a bulldozer litterally dug into it while exacating for a new road
+		- Amazing picture of what Neolothic life looked like and the beliefs/practicies of people pre-writing
+		- Excavated in the late 1980s (meaing the methods are very good)
+		- Houses
+			- Stone walls
+			- Single room
+			- Sunken plaster hearth
+			- Likely wooden posts holding up a roof, later turned into a two room house with a door
+		- Subsistence
+			- Domestication of wheat, barley, lentils, peas, chick-peas
+			- Animals remain show a huge reliance on goats, but also a wide variety of wild species
+			- The skeletal remains of animals show the actual process of domestic an (change in body), meaning it was happening while people lived at Ayn Ghazal (smaller heads, teeth)
+		- Statues
+			- Lime plaster statues molded around a reed core, the reeds were tightened with twine
+			- Statues were painted with ochre (red) and carbon (black)
+			- Eyes were outlined in green/black
+			- Lots of fine details in plaster, knees, toes, toe nails, small ears