2024-10-11 14:18:56

UNB/Year 5/Semester 1/HIST1001/In class notes.md

@@ -302,3 +302,65 @@ Reflection
 - Rise of universities in Europe (approx 20 in 1300, 50-70 by 1500)
 - Rise of vernacular literacy
 - Petrarch (1304-1374)
+## Christianity
+Medieval Europe was united by Catholic Christendom
+- System of beliefs and values
+- Dominant the world view
+- church attendance
+- life cycle and christian rites of passage: baptism, confirmation, marriage or religious vows, final rites
+- Passage of time, religious holidays, church bells
+- Churches as space of worship, religious education and socializing
+- Art and music dominated  by religious themes
+- Unity and identity - difference from the Other (Jewish and Muslim)
+- "Practice tied to place": Local saints, shrines, chapels, relics, celebrations, leadership and other variations
+Many ways:
+- Catholic church as landowner
+- Social assistance (charity, orphanages, hospitals), education
+- Parish priests administered the sacraments
+- Bible only available in Latin
+- Tithe
+- The papacy controlled the religious hierarchy, distribution of power
+## Reformation
+- Across Europe, 16th century
+- To reform the catholic Church
+- met with resistance, many groups split from the church (Protestants)
+- Broke religious uniformity of medieval Europe
+- not a singular event; multiple processes
+- A period characterized by religious warfare
+- Counter-reformation
+- Periodization often cited as the origins of (early) modernity
+## Events
+- Indulgence Controversy (1517)
+	- Indulgences: to purchase release from penance or purgatory
+	- Corruption?
+	- Depiction of the pope as the Antichrist signing and selling indulgences (by Lucas Cranach the Elder - 1521)
+- Martin Luther (1483-1546)
+	- Professor of Theology at University of Wittenberg
+	- Luther and others denounced the sale of indulgences
+	- **Salvation by faith alone**
+	- Pope Leo X, indulgence sale to fund rebuilding of St. Peters basilica, Rome (1515)
+	- Luther's Ninety-five Theses (1517), Calling for debate
+	- Excommunicated and refused to recant
+	- Began to spread his ideas, and sparked debate on his theses
+		- Salvation, by faith, by works
+		- Scripture, who gets access, who can interpret
+		- "Priesthood of believers"
+		- Transubstantiation
+- Radical Reform
+	- Ana-baptism (re-baptism; pacifism)
+	- Mennonites (Americans)
+	- Siege at Munster (stoked fears of fanaticism and overturning social order)
+- The Peace of Augsburg (1555)
+	- Halted military encounter between Catholic and Protestant Princes in the Holy Roman Empire
+	- A compromise, recognizing the permanent religious division of the German states
+	- determined that the religion of the ruler of each state would be the official religion of that territory (eius religio)
+	- permitted Catholics to relocate the Catholic territories, permitted protestants to relocate to Protestant territories (resulted in large migration)
+- English reformation
+	- Henry VIII - Defender of the Faith
+	- Act of Supremacy, 1534
+- Catholic / Counter Reformation
+	- To reaffirm Catholicism and negate Protestantism
+	- Focus on piety, charity, and devotion
+	- New religious orders (brotherhoods, monasteries and convents) and a renewal of old orders
+	- Power of the Papacy
+	- Council of Trent